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History of Italy Summarized Since earliest times the history of Italy has been influenced by cultural and political divisions resulting from the peninsula’s disparate geography and by circumstances that made Italy the scene of many struggles for power in Europe Calendar of Important Events 476 The Germanic leader Otoacerf sacked Rome, ending the Western Roman Empire The Lombards invaded Italy, ending the last period of Byzantine rule in Italy Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo Ill Otto the Great was crowned emperor, marking the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire. The thriving Italian city-states such as Florence and Venice contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance in Italy. Venice controlled European trade with Asia and the Middle East 572 800 962 1300's The French army defeated the armies of several of the divided city-states. France and the holy Roman Empire subsequently feuded for control of Italy. 1494 Most of Italy had come under the influence of the Spanish Habsburgs. Control passed to the Austrian branch of the family by the early 1700s Napoleon Bonaparte conquered much of northern Italy and established Italian republics. Northern Italy was unified as the Kingdom of Italy under French rule in 1804. 1559 1796 following Napoleon's defeat, Italy was divided into the Papal States, Austrian dutchies, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies. Sardinia and France expelled the Austrians from all northern Italy except Venice. the Kingdom of Italy was formed, encompassing the entire peninsula except for Rome, Venice, and San Marino. King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia became king of Italy. 1814 1859 1861 Venice became part of Italy Italian forces occupied Rome, which became the capital of Italy the following year. Italy acquired Libya after a war with the Ottoman Empire Although it was allied with Germany and Austria, Italy entered World War I on the side of the allies. Benito Mussolini became Prime Minister of Italy and rapidly assumed dictatorial powers. The Lateran Treaty normalized relations between Italy and the Vatican Italy entered World War II, having previously formed an alliance with Germany. Italy surrendered to invading Allied forces, but Germany took control of the country and fought the Allies until the end of the war. Italians voted to abolish the monarchy, and Italy became a Republic. Italy became a founding member of the European coal and steel community, which would eventually become the European Union. Reflecting the diminished influence of the church in Italian life, Roman Catholicism was de-institutionalized as Italy’s state religion. Italy took its most visible steps towards fighting organized crime, convicting 338 mafia members of criminal activities. A far-reaching scandal of political corruption and influence-peddling led to the fall of the Christian Democratic Party, which had been the most influential political party in Italy since 1948. 1866 1870 1912 1915 1922 1929 1940 1943 1946 1952 1984 1986 1990's A rightist coalition, led by media magnate Silvio Berlusconi, which included neo-fascist elements, was overwhelmingly elected to power. However, the coalition collapsed late in the year, and Berlusconi was forced to resign as Prime Minister. 1994 The Olive Tree coalition was voted into power, marking the first time since World War II that a leftist government controlled Italy. Romano Prodi, an economics professor, headed the coalition as Prime Minister. 1996 Massimo D'Alema, first leftist democrat is elected Prime Minister. He was accused of corruption in connection with the so called "Quatargate" and his activities as "international consultant" to several governments. 1998 Giuliano Amato, leftist democrat, former professor of constitutional law and long-time member of the Italian parlament, elected Prime Minister. He would later (2022) become chief justice of the constitutional court (Presidente della Corte constituzionale) 2000 Silvio Berlusconi (Forza Italia) is re-elected Prime Minister. 2001 Silvio Berlusconi (now People of Freedom) is re-elected Prime Minister. He resigns in 2011 following notoirious "bunga bunga" sex party allegations, rumors of corruption and a staggering debt and budget crisis. 2008 Independent economist Mario Monti, believed to have the political influence to pass major economic reforms 2011 Two major earthquakes devastate the Emilia Romagna region, both in May, causing over 25 deaths. 2013 In the span of 9 years, Italy elects five Prime Ministers, i.e. Enrico Letta (2013-2014), Matteo Renzi (2014-2016), Paolo Gentiloni (2016-2018), Giuseppe Conte (2019-2021), and Mario Draghi (2021-2022). 2013-2021 On October 22, Italy elects the Rome-born Giorgia Meloni, its first Woman Prime Minister, who has been a prominent leader of the Chamber of Deputies since 2006. She was elected to lead the conservative Fratelli d'Italia party (Brothers of Italy) in 2014 and became president of the European Conservatives and Reformist Party in 2020. 2022 Italy's History

Holy Roman Empire European Dynasties 962-1946) ​​European Dynasties 962-1946 The (second) medieval revival of the Western Roman Empire was referred to as The Holy Roman Empire which lasted from 962 AD to 1806. By the year 1250, much of its power had vanished and by ca. 1650 the empire had lost virtually all power. Nevertheless, the Empire endured until 1806, when it was abolished by Emperor Francis II. ​ Francis II ruled thereafter as Francis I of the Austrian Empire (established in 1804). Usually, the king of Germany became emperor -considered by Europeans the title of most prestige- as soon as he was crowned by the pope. ​ Given the many successes of the dukes of Saxony in fighting the Hungarians during the 10th century, most were chosen kings of Germany. The first Saxonian to become king was Henry the Fowler (919-936). He was followed by his son Otto who became King Otto I in 936 and the first Holy Roman Emperor from 962 to 973. Saxon Dynasty Franconian (Salian) Dynasty 962-973 973-983 983-1002 1002-1024 Otto I Otto II Otto III HenryII 1027-1039 1046-1056 1056-1106 1106-1125 1125-1137 Conrad II Henry III Henry IV Henry V Lothar II Hohenstaufen Dynasty Henry V’s nephews, The Hohenstaufen of Swabia were not always supported by the Church who favored candidates of the “Guelph” i.e. the “Welf” family of Bavaria and Saxony. The on-going feud between these families and the intervention of the papacy drastically weakened the empire, culminating in the “Age of the Princes” in Germany and the “Great Interregnum” in the Holy Roman Empire.​ 1138-1152 1152-1190 1190-1197 1198-1208 Conrad III Frederic I (Barbarossa) Henry VI Philip of Swabia The Anti King Era The "anti King" era represented a time when individuals proclaimed themselves to king and against the sitting king. This revolutionary trend lasted from 1198 through 1273 1198-1208 1208-1212 1212-1250 1250-1254 1254-1273 Otto IV Otto IV Frederick II Conrad IV Interregnum When the Empire was restored in 1273, the princes refused to establish any one dynasty and during the following 150 years, candidates from four families were elected. 1273-1291 1292-1298 1298-1308 1308-1313 1314-1346 1346-1378 1378-1400 1400-1410 1410-1437 Rudolf I (Habsburg) Adolf (Nassau) Albert I (Habsburh) Henry VII (Luxemburg) Lotus IV (Wittelsbach) Charles IV (Luxemburg Wenceslas (Luxemburg) Rupert (Wittelsbach) Sigismund (Luxemburg) Kings of Italy The House of Habsburg (who derived its name from their castle “Habichtsburg” in Switzerland), was the most illustrious European dynasty. Beginning in the 15th century, the Habsburgs became hereditary rulers of the Empire. Through a sequence of “strategic marriages” they gained (by inheritance) the Netherlands, the Spanish kingdoms and Spain’s Empire in the “New World”, Hungary and Bohemia. The Habsburgs 1440-1493 1440-1493 1493-1519 1519-1556 1556-1564 1564-1576 1576-1612 1612-1619 1619-1637 1637-1657 1658-1705 1705-1711 1711-1740 1740-1742 1742-1745 Albert II Frederick III Maximilian I Charles V Ferdinand I Maximilian II Rudolf mII Mattias Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Leopold I Joseph I Charles VI Interregnum Charles VII The Habsburgs - Lorraine 1745-1765 1765-1790 1790-1792 1792-1806 Francis I Joseph II Leopold II Francis II House of Savoy Carignano King of Italy Piemonte, Nice and Sardinia were ruled by the Dukes of Savoy until the year 1831. This line died out and a very distant cousin, Carlo Alberto (Charles Albert) ascended to the throne. His son, Vittorio Emanuele II (Victor Emmanuel the 2nd) of Savoy led the armies that conquered what is now known as Italy over the years 1858 through 1871. As a consequence, Vittorio Emanuele was proclaimed King of Italy in 1861; a dynasty that would fall with the end of WW2. 1861-1878 1878-1900 1900-1946 1946-1946 Victor Emmanuel II (Umberto) Humbert I Victor Emmanuel III Humbert II Italy's History

Roman Emperors Roman Emperors 27 B.C. - A.D. 1453 This is as a simplified timeline of all Emperors This list does not differentiate between Western and Eastern emperors, nor does it sub-divide the various dynasties. Repetitive years indicate concurrent emperors in the two regions. 27 BC-14 AD 14 – 37 ​37 – 41 ​41 – 54 54 – 68 68 – 69 69 69 69 – 79 79 – 81 81 – 96 96 – 98 98 – 117 117 – 138 138 – 161 161 – 169 169 – 177 177 – 180 180 – 192 193 193 193 – 198 211 – 212 212 – 217 217 – 218 218 – 222 222 – 235 235 – 238 238 238 238 – 244 244 – 249 249 – 251 251 251 – 253 253 253 – 260 253 – 268 268 – 270 270 – 275 275 – 276 276 276 – 282 282 – 283 283 – 284 284 – 305 305-306 305-311 306-337 306-307 306-312 308-324 310-313 316-317 324 337-340 337-361 337-350 350 361-363 363-364 364-375 364-378 367-383 375-392 379-395 384-388 384-387 392-394 395-423 407-411 409-411 421 423-425 425-455 455 455-456 457-461 461-465 467-472 472 473-474 474-475 475-476 395-408 408-450 450-457 457-474 474 474-491 475-476 475-476 491-518 518-527 527-565 565-578 578-582 582-602 602-610 610-641 641 641 641-668 668-685 685-695 695-698 698-705 705-711 711-713 713-715 715-717 717-741 741-775 741-743 780-797 775-780 797-802 802-811 811 811-813 813-820 820-829 829-842 842-867 867-886 886-912 912-913 913-959 920-945 959-963 963-969 969-976 976-1025 1025-1028 1028-1034 1034-1041 1041-1042 1042-1056 1042-1055 1056-1057 1057-1059 1059-1067 1067-1078 1068-1071 1078-1081 1081-1118 1118-1143 1143-1180 1180-1183 1183-1185 1185-1195 1195-1203 1203-1204 1203-1204 1204 1205-1221 1221-1254 1254-1258 1258-1261 1259-1282 1282-1328 1295-1320 1328-1341 1341-1376 1347-1357 1376-1379 1379-1390 1390- 1390-1391 1391-1425 1425-1448 1449-1453 ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, Augustus Tiberius ​Caligula Claudius ​Nero ​Galba Otho Vitellius ​Vespasian ​Titus ​Domitian ​Nerva ​Trajan ​Hadrian Antonius Pius ​Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus ​Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius & Comodus ​Comodus Pertinax ​Didius Julianus Septimius Severus ​Carcalla & Geta Carcalla Macrinus ​Heliogabalus ​Severus Alexander ​Maximinus Gordian I & Gordian II ​Pupienus Maximus & Balbinus ​Gordian III ​Philip ​Decius ​Hostilianus ​Gallus Aemilianus ​Valerian & Gallienus ​Gallienus ​Claudius II ​Aurelian ​Tacitus ​Florianus Probus ​Carus ​Carinus & Numerianus Dioclesian Constantius ​Galerius ​Constantine I Severus Maxentius ​Licinius ​Maximinus Daia ​Valerius Valens ​Martinian ​Constantine II (Flavius Claudius) Constantine II (Flavius Julius) ​Constans ​Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I ​Valens Gratian Valentinian II ​Theodosius ​Magnus Maximus Victor Eugenius ​Honorius Constantine III ​Constans II Constantius III Joannes ​Valentinian III ​Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Libius Severus Anthemius Olybrius ​Glycerius Julius Nepus Romulus Augustus ​Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian ​Leo the Thracian Leo II ​Zeno ​Basilicus Marcus Anastasius I Dicorus ​Justin I ​Justinian I ​Justin II Tiberius II (Constantine) Mauricius & Theodosius ​Focas ​Heraclius Constantine III Heraclonas & Tiberius Constans II Constantine IV & Heraclius Justinian II ​Leontios Tiberius III ​Justinian II & Tiberius ​Filepicus ​Anastasios II ​Theodosius III ​Leo III Constantine V ​Artabasdos & Nikephoros Leo IV ​Constantine VI ​Irene of Athens Nikephoros I ​Staurakios ​Michael I & Theophylact ​Leo V & Constantine ​Michael II Theophilos Michael III ​Basil I ​Leo VI ​Alexander ​Constantine VII Lekapenos (family of 4) ​Romanos II Nikephoros II ​John I Tzimiskes ​Basil II ​Constantine VIII Romanos III Michael IV Michael V ​Theodora Porphyrogenita ​Constantine IX Michael VI Isaac I Constantine X ​Doukas (family of 4) ​Romanos IV Nikephoros III Alexios I & Constantine ​John II & Alexios ​Manuel I Alexios II Andronikos I & John Isaac II Alexios III ​Isaac II ​Alexios IV ​Alexios V ​Theodore I John III Theodore II ​John IV Michael VIII ​Andronikos II Michael IX Andronikos III​ ​John V ​John VI Andronikos IV John V​ ​John VII John V Palaiologos (family of 3) ​John VIII ​Constantine XI Italy's History

Who is Who in Italian History Nicola Fabrizi 1804 - 1885 Nicola Fabrizi, was born April 4 1804 in Modena Italy. (Some sources date Fabrizi’s birthday March 31, 1804.) He is considered to be one of the most dedicated leaders of Italy’s early Risorgimento movement, the movement aimed at Italy’s unification. He inspired democratic ideas throughout his life, and was instrumental in planning Milan’s unsuccessful attempt of rising against Austria in 1831. Fabrizi was arrested after participating in Ciro Menotti’s unsuccessful ” conspiracy ” to revive the revolution in Modena. One year later he was freed and exiled to Marseille, France where he joined the ” Giovine Italia ” movement, led by Mazzini. After participating in the unsuccessful uprising in Savoy he again was forced to flee first to Spain and later to Malta where he founded the ” Legione Italica “. He later joined Garibaldi’s movement who appointed him to his Secretary of War. ​After the unification he was promoted to General and was elected to house of representatives. Who is Who

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