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Lazio Italy Capital: Roma Area: 17,232 km2 | 6,653 mi2 Population: 5,715,190 (2019 est) Provinces: Frosinone | Latina | Rieti | Roma | Frosinone | Viterbo ​ Rivers/Bodies of Water: Alento Amaseno Aniene Arrone Fiora Melfa Mignone Sack Sixtus Tiber Velino Vezza Regions

Who is Who in Italian History Giovanni Giolitti 1842 - 1928 Giovanni Giolitti, a progressive Liberal, was a 5-term premier, i.e. from 1892 to 1893, from 1903 to 1905, from 1906 to 1909, from 1911 to 1914, and from 1920 to 1921. He first entered parliament in 1882 and held the position of Minister of Finance from 1889 to 1990. He was accused of political corruption including controlling elections in Southern Italy and of “reorganizing” coalitions. The expression “Giolittismo” stands for the era from 1900 to 1924 during which Giolitti’s corruption practices were the boldest. He opposed Italian participation in WW 1 but failed and lost his premiership in 1914. He was instrumental in making it possible that the Fascists won 35 seats in the chamber during the 1921 elections thus helping Benito Mussolini gain power. He remained silent to the increasing Fascist brutality until after November 1924, at what time he opposed Mussolini openly. ​ Giolitti’s Career Chronology ​ 1842 Giovanni Giolitti is born in Mondovi (Piemonte) on October 27 to his father Giovenale Giolitti, an officer of the court and mother Enrichetta Plochiù; ​1861 Giolitti graduates from the law school at the university of Turin; 1869 After a short tenure at the royal court in Turin he transfers to the Italian Government and is appointed to Secretary of State; 1872 Giolitti is appointed to the position of Secretary General of the Ministry of Finance and moves to Rome; 1882 Prime Minister Agostino Depretis (1813-1887) appoints Giolitti to Privy Council. He is also a Liberal member of the Italian Parliament; 1885 Giolitti openly opposes Prime Minister Depretis and leads the opposition with respect to financial policies; 1889 Giolitti is nominated Minister of Finance (Treasury Secretary) by Prime Minister Crispi; 1890 Giolitti steps down as Minister and becomes the lead opponent to Italy’s financial policies representing the leftist liberal party; 1892 Giolitti is nominated Prime Minister; 1893 Following accusations of foul play and involvement in a substantial bank scandal, Giolitti steps down as Prime Minister; 1901-1903 King Vittorio Emanuele III nominates Giolitti Minister of Interior under Prime Minister Zanardelli. Given his vast experience in government affairs he is viewed as the actual head of state and succeeds in molding most of the government policies; 1903-1905 As Prime Minister he attempts to integrate the Italian workers and labor movement with the liberal Monarchy. He believes that succeeding in this unification would promote Italy’s industrialization; 1906-1909 Now a Prime Minister for the 3d time, Giolitti moves Italy away from the Tri-State treaty Italy enjoyed with the Austria-Hungarian and the German Monarchies over issues of power over the Balkan states; 1911 Giolitti is nominated Prime Minister for the 4th time. His attempt to facilitate the participation of the Socialist Party in the Italian government fails due to opposition of the party’s revolutionary wing; 1912 Introduction of General Elections and government controlled Social (Security) Insurance; 1914 Following parliamentary elections in February that led to increased power by Conservatives and the Socialists, Giolitti steps down as Prime Minister. By August, the debate about Italy’s participation in WW1 leads to a strongly divided Italy. The Nationalists and radical Republicans favor Italy’s participation while the parliamentary majority led by Giolitti favor neutrality; 1915 Giolitti becomes Leader of the Opposition in May and hopes that his party’s parliamentary majority will help bring the Salandra government down. During mass demonstrations, the poet Gabriele D’Annunzio agitates the crowd to kill Giolitti. Giolitti’s departure from Rome finally leads to the break-up of the opposition by the Neutralist party; 1915-1918 Italy participates in WW1 under the Entente. However at the conclusion of the war, Italy is not awarded the Balkan territories it requested; 1920 In the wake of post war’s political and economic crisis, Giolitti is again nominated Prime Minister. He signs an accord with Yugoslavia and ends the occupation of the city Fiume (today known as Rijeka) by force; 1921- 1922 Giolitti steers Italy on an integration course to include the first-time elected Fascists. As he fails in this attempt, he steps down as Prime Minister and limits himself to the Opposition; (He is followed by Luigi Facta in 1922) 1926 Giolitti openly opposes Benito Mussolini’s government; 1928 In what was to be his last major speech to the parliament, 85-years old, Giolitti calls for opposition to Mussolini’s proposed election reform which in his words was equal to the dissolution of the constitution. Giovanni Giolitti dies on July 17 in Cavour, Piedmont. Sources: Microsoft Encarta, The Columbia encyclopedia. Sixth edition; “Die Bibliographie von Giovanni Giolitti”. Who is Who

Piemonte Capital: Torino Area: 25,387 km2 | 9,802 mi2 Population: 4,252,279 (2019 est) Provinces: Alessandria | Asti | Biella | Cuneo | Novara | Torino | Verbano-Cusio-Ossola | Vercelli ​ Italy Rivers/Bodies of Water: Banna Belbo Bormida Bormida di Millesimo Bormida di Spigno Chisone Chiusella Comba Dora Baltea Dora Riparia Ellero Elvo Germagnano Luissa Orba Orc Pellice Pesio Rio Casotto Sesia Stellone Stura Stura di Lanzo Stura di Ala Stura di Viù Tanaro Toce Regions

Veneto Italy Capital: Venezia Area: 18,345 km2 | 7,083 mi2 Population: 4,854,633 (2019 est) Provinces: Belluno | Padova| Rovigo | Treviso | Venezia | Verona | Vicenza ​ ​ Rivers/Bodies of Water: Agno Astico Bacchiglione Livenza Loncon Musone Piave Sile Tagliamento Tartar Vanoi Regions

Sardegna Capital: Calgari Area: 24,099 km2 | 9,305 mi2 Population: 1,579,181 (2019 est) Provinces: Cagliari | Nuoro | Oristano | Sassari | Sud Sardegna ​ Rivers/Bodies of Water: Cedrino Cixerri Coghinas Flumendosa Liscia Mannu Posada Taloro Terno Tirso Italy Regions

About this Website This website provides useful information about Italy and its rich history. I am also periodically adding general information related to my family, general historic events, and business related information. My original website crashed thanks to an update by the web design platform I used when I first built the site in the late 1990s. I have re-built and updated my original arcaini.com site, which now is arcaini.net . According to plan, the arcaini.com site will automatically be re-directed to this arcaini.net site. Please let me know if you are experiening ay issue with visiting or navigating the site. About Me I was born in Milan, Italy (let’s say, long time ago), to my mother "Marianne (Mädy)", originally from Munich, Bavaria, Germany, and my father, Prof. Ferruccio Arcaini, a true Milanese Italian. I completed my early education at a Jesuit Boarding school in Austria and attended high school in Germany. I graduated from a state business school in Frankfurt, Germany. ​ Prior to immigrating to the United States in 1983, I spent over 10 years in various executive capacities in Germany, Spain, Switzerland, and The Netherlands, where I joined Robex International Recreatie Groep (Resort Development Group) as Executive Vice President. Robex was the largest European multi-national resort development company at the time, with headquarters in Amsterdam the Netherlands, and subsidiaries in 9 countries. The company was a joint venture of three publicly traded companies, who appointed me to the position of Chief Executive Officer in 1981. I eventually acquired the company in a leveraged buyout, and subsequently led the expansion of the company’s operations to the United States. I immigrated to the US with my family in 1983 (the best decision I have ever made), where I took residence in Jacksonville, Florida (another luckily great choice). ​ I have been Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, and President of multiple companies, both domestic and overseas since 1981. I retired in September of 2020 from my position as Founder, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Duos Technologies Group, Inc., and its operating subsidiary Duos Technologies, Inc., a high-tech solutions provider with focus on the security and transportation industries. Earlier that year, my capable team and I completed the company's uplisting to NASDAQ, a national public exchange (NASDAQ: DUOT). ​ During my tenure at Duos, I have been the primary inventor of eleven (11) technology patents and a myriad of non-patented technology solutions currently being commercialized in various applications. ​ When Katheryne Chappell Drennon, the owner of Chappell Early Learning Centers, and one of my closest friends, passed away in 2015, I followed her wish to join the board of Trustees of her Family trust, who is the owner of Chappell Schools. After some reorganization I also joined the Board of Directors of Chappell Schools, LLC, who's Chairman I remain today. ​ I see myself as a visionary with a deep understanding of the realities of building and growing companies with ties to both sides of the ocean. I function best and am most effective when faced with complex challenges. ​ I am fluent in German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish and English and conversational in French, so feel free to write your emails in any of these languages.

Cinque Terre Italy Cinque Terre is the most southern part of the Ligurian Coast. The name “Cinque Terre” originally stems from the 5 (in Italian 5 is “cinque”) villages located on the rocks and mountains along the Levantine Riviera (Riviera di Levante), i.e., Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza, Corniglia, Manarola and Riomaggiore,. The 18 kilometer (app. 11 miles) stretch of paradise is not only known for its natural beauty, but also for its original Roman architecture, castles and, let’s not forget, an extraordinary wine known as “sciacchetrà”. Cinque Terre's most significant landmark is the village of “Monterosso al Mare”. It is the largest of the five towns. Originally a fortified village, it is especially known today for its splendid beaches, the only town in Cinque Terre hosting beaches. Monterosso Monterosso al Mare is home to the historic remains of the castle “Castello dei Fieschi”, the bell tower of the church of “San Giovanni Battista” (St. John the Baptist), my name patron, and the 16th century capuchin monastery, home to significant art treasures attributed to Van Dick, Piola and Ren​ Vernazza at Night The ancient Roman port of Vernazza and the origin of the name of the village of Corniglia (“Cornelia”, a Roman tribe) are settled evidence that the region of the Cinque Terre was inhabited by Romans who later founded the villages known to date. Manarola The village of Manarola is notorious for its exceptional scenic vistas and picturesque houses.facing the sea. It is a sub-division of the municipality of Riomaggiore, and hosts a small harbour. This is the actual birthplace of the revered desert wine “sciacchetrà”. Riomaggiore Riomaggiore is the most southern town of the Cinque Terre region. The colorful houses hug a small harbour, which is the center of the local fishing trade, and rental of small boats and kayaks. Not far from the harbour is a tiny pebble beach, however, swimming is not allowed there. The road from Riomaggiore to Manarola is also known as the “Promenade of Love. ​ Cinque Terre can be reached by train or car, although, by enlarge the villages are off limits for cars, subject to some exceptions for local residents. If you travel to Cinque Terre by car, you will have to park outside the villages, only Monterosso has parking lots inside the village. ​ One of the most important specialties of the Cinque Terre are the culinary varities. Each town/village has its own specialty, mainly centering on seafood and variances of the famous Ligurian cusine. Distance Cinque Terre To >> GENOA 88 Km/55 mi MILAN 225 Km/140 mi FLORENCE 204 Km/127 mi ROME 456 Km/283 mi Regions

Lombardia Capital: Milano Area: 23,863 km2 | 9,214 mi2 Population: 9,965,046 (2019 est) Provinces: Bergamo | Brescia | Como | Cremona | Lecco | Lodi | Mantova | Milano | Monza | Brianza | Pavia | Sondrio | Varese ​ Rivers/Bodies of Water: Adda Agogna Allione Arbogna-Erbognone Borlezza Bormina Brembo Caffaro Canal Bianco Canale Acque Alte Canale Muzza Canale Quintino Sella Canale Villoresi Cherio Chiese Coppa Curone Dezzo Dugale Enna Frodolfo Gàmbara Garza Grigna Imagna Lambro Lambro Meridionale Liro Lura Màllero Màsino Mella Mera Mincio Mòlgora Naviglio Cìvico di Cremona Naviglio della Martesana Naviglio di Pavia Naviglio Grande Naviglio Langosco Oglio Ogliolo di Èdolo Olona Pioverna Po Poia Poschiavino Roasco Scurpasso Secchia Serio Serio Morto Sesia Sèveso Spol Stabina Stàffora Strone Terdoppio Ticino Toscolano Tresa Versa Italy Regions

Rome The Seven Hills of Rome Although archaeological discoveries suggest that settlements in and around Rome date back to 1000 BC, historians have agreed that Rome was founded on one of the 7 hills in 753 BC. For centuries, the term “Seven Hills” was used to describe the Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, Aventine, and Palatine hills surrounding the ancient community. In Latin: "Septimontem" or "Septem Montes Urbis Romae". Each hilltop about 50 m (165 feet) high. Monte Capitoline (Capitoline Hill) was long the seat of Rome’s government, and the Palatine Hill was the site of such great structures as the Palace of the Flavians, built by emperor Domitian. In modern days, however, most of the hills are not distinguishable from the adjacent plain. Other hills of Rome include the Pincian (Pincio) and the Janiculum.​ Palazzo Chigi - Seat of Italian's Government Monte Capitolino (Capitoline Hill) was long the seat of Rome’s government, and the Palatine Hill was the site of such great structures as the Palace of the Flavians, built by emperor Domitian. Rome is arguably the most beautiful and fascinating city in the world and retained its title as the most visited destination in Italy for decades. Named the ‘Eternal City”, in 2019, Rome welcomed over 15 million tourists of which over 9 million were international travelers. The Vatican and the Colosseum are the main destinations. With up to 20,000 visitors per day during the summer, the Vatican hosts visitors from around the world of virtually every religion and faith. Although, rumor has it that visits to the Sistine Chapel will soon be limited due to the negative impact to the art and buildings mass tourism causes. Colosseum by Night Rome City View Trevi Fountain St.PetersBasilica Images of Rome's architecture, landmarks and historic sites Saint Peter's Basilica Saint Peter's Basilica Colosseum of Rome The Colosseum is one of the most famous ancient landmarks in the center of Rome. It is an oval-shaped amphitheatre St.PetersBasilica Images of Rome's architecture, landmarks and historic sites 1/6 Altar of the Fatherland Images Source: www.governo.it , WIX stock Regions

Bronze Age By 2000 BC, immigrants from the east had brought the art of metalworking to southern Italy and Sicily, and northern Italian cultures of the same period developed strong links with cultures living north of the Alps. During the Bronze Age (c.1800-1000 BC), most of central and southern Italy had unified to a culture known as the Apennine, recognized by large agricultural and pastoral settlements. ​ Evidence, found in Sicily and along the southeastern coast of Italy, suggests the start of trading contacts with the Mycenaeans. After c.1500 BC, in the northern Italian Po Valley , the Terramare culture, known for building its villages on wooden piles, its new techniques of bronze workings, and its cremation rites, rose to prominence. By the time of the introduction of iron into Italy (c.1000 BC), regional variations were already well established. Image Source: Austrian Academy of Sciences Italy's History

Umbria Capital: Perugia Area: 8,464 km2 | 3,268 mi2 Population: 859,572 (2019 est) Provinces: Perugia | Terni ​ Rivers/Bodies of Water: Aggia Arnata Assino Attone Caina Caldaro Calvana Campiano Carpinella Chiascio Chienti di Gelagna Chiona Clitumnus Corbara Erchi Faena Fersinone Formanuova Genna Lama Mansola Maranzano ​Marmore Maroggia ​Menotre Moiano Mussino Naia Nese ​Nestor ​​Ose ​Padonchia ​Paganico ​Pescia ​Piediluco ​Puglia ​Pugliola ​Rasina ​Rio grande ​Ripignolo ​San Severo ​Saonda ​Scarzola ​Scatorbia ​Sciola ​Soara ​Tescino ​Tescio ​Tessino ​Teverone ​Tiber ​Timia ​Tissino ​Trasimeno ​Tresa ​Valdimonte ​Vaschi ​Ventia Italy Regions

Trentino-Alto Adige Capital: Trento Area: 13,606 km2 | 5,253 mi2 Population: 1,077,932 (2019 est) Provinces: Bolzano | Trento ​ Rivers/Bodies of Water: Adige Albès Aldino Allinz Altafossa Anterselva Arbusti Aurino Avigna Avisio Bargone Bianco Brenta Cismon Fossa D’Adige ​Gadera Isarco Noce Passirio Rienza Sarca Talvera Tinne Valsura Vanoi Italy Regions